International Standard Organization has developed the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection). This framework allows for communication between all types and types of computers. It is a set of guidelines that allows information to be exchanged between computers, workstations and networks.

Physical Layer

The Physical Layer is the lowest layer in the OSI model. Its main responsibility includes propagating the unstructured data bits (0 and 1) across the network from the physical layer on the sending device to that of the receiving device.

The Physical layer is information in bits. It transmits bits one by one from one node and the next. The physical layer defines the transmission media as metallic cable, optical fibre, and wireless radio-wave.

Data Link Layer

It is the second layer in the OSI model. It is responsible for ensuring error-free communication between the primary and secondary nodes in a network's physical link. It provides hop-to-hop delivery. It combines the data from the physical layer into blocks.

The data link layer is responsible for framing the information signal and provides synchronization facilities to ensure that data flows between nodes in an orderly fashion.

Network Layer

The network layer contains details that allow data to be routed between devices within an environment with multiple networks, subnetworks, or both.

Routers and their software are the networking components at the network layer. It establishes, maintains, and terminates connectors between the various network components to determine the best configuration for each function.

It is responsible for the top layers of the hierarchy and provides independence from switching and data transmission technologies used in interconnect systems.

It provides information such as the source and destination network addresses, subnet information and source and destination node address. This subnet-work is divided into subnet-work, which are separated by routers.

Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for ensuring the integrity of data messages propagated over the network between devices. It also ensures data transfers between endpoints are reliable and transparent.

Session Layer

The session layer establishes communication channels between devices. It is responsible to open sessions and ensure they are functional and accessible while data is being transferred.

The session layer can also create checkpoints during data transfers. The devices can resume data transfers if a session is interrupted.

Session layer ensures network availability for data storage, and process capacity. It is responsible for logical connections between the application layer and the session layer.

Presentation Layer

The presentation layer prepares data for the upper layer, or application layer. It specifies how the two devices should encode and encrypt the data.

The presentation layer receives data from the application layer and prepares them for transmission over the session layers.

It defines how data should be formatted by end-user applications.

This layer allows for translation between the local representation and the data representation that will be used to transfer data between end-users. Translation services include data compression, encryption, virtual terminals, and data compression.

Application Layer

The OSI layer's application layer is the highest layer. It acts as the general manager for the network and grants access to the OSI environment. This layer provides distributed information services. It controls the flow of applications and also the events between an application and its user. It communicates directly to the user's program.

The application layer uses HTTP and FTP protocols, POP, SMTP and DNS protocols to allow the software send and receive data and present relevant data to users. Auto Guided Auto Think Auto True Auto Decide Daily Auto Study Reliable Automotive Automotive Works Guide Automotive Go Automotive Auto Transport Dealers Auto Speedy Advisor Auto Social Contest That Short Guy The Shopper Mom Rock Me Africa